5 Signs You May Have Myasthenia gravis -- Symptoms, Causes, Effects, Treatment and Prevention
Myasthenia gravis is a chronic autoimmune neuromuscular disorder that causes muscle weakness and fatigue. It occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks the acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction, impairing the communication between nerves and muscles.
Symptoms of Myasthenia gravis:
Myasthenia gravis can manifest with various symptoms, including:
- Muscle weakness, particularly in the face, neck, and limbs.
- Ptosis (drooping eyelids) and diplopia (double vision).
- Difficulty speaking and swallowing (dysarthria and dysphagia).
- Fatigue and muscle exhaustion, worsened by activity and improved with rest.
- Weakness in the respiratory muscles, leading to shortness of breath in severe cases.
Diagnosis of Myasthenia gravis:
The diagnosis of Myasthenia gravis involves several approaches, including:
- Medical history evaluation to assess the progression and pattern of symptoms.
- Physical examination, including assessment of muscle strength and reflexes.
- Blood tests to detect the presence of specific antibodies, such as acetylcholine receptor antibodies and muscle-specific kinase antibodies.
- Electromyography (EMG) to evaluate the electrical activity of muscles.
- Edrophonium (Tensilon) or neostigmine test to observe temporary improvement in muscle strength.
- Imaging studies, such as a chest CT scan, to assess the thymus gland in cases associated with thymoma.
Causes of Myasthenia gravis:
The exact causes of Myasthenia gravis are not fully understood, but it is believed to result from a combination of factors, including:
- Autoimmune response: The immune system produces antibodies that attack and impair acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction.
- Genetic factors: Certain genetic variations and mutations may increase the risk of developing Myasthenia gravis.
- Thymus gland abnormalities: Thymomas or an overactive thymus gland can contribute to the development of Myasthenia gravis.
Effects of Myasthenia gravis:
Myasthenia gravis can have significant effects on daily life and overall well-being, including:
- Difficulty with everyday tasks, such as speaking, chewing, and swallowing.
- Impaired mobility and muscle weakness affecting limbs and facial muscles.
- Vision problems, including double vision and drooping eyelids.
- Respiratory compromise in severe cases, requiring medical intervention.
- Fatigue and reduced quality of life.
Treatment of Myasthenia gravis:
The management of Myasthenia gravis involves various treatment approaches, including:
- Medications: Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (e.g., pyridostigmine) to improve muscle strength, immunosuppressants (e.g., corticosteroids, azathioprine) to suppress the immune response, and other immunomodulatory drugs (e.g., rituximab) may be prescribed.
- Thymectomy: Surgical removal of the thymus gland may be considered in certain cases, particularly if a thymoma is present.
- Plasmapheresis and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG): These treatments can remove harmful antibodies from the bloodstream and temporarily improve symptoms.
Prevention of Myasthenia gravis:
Currently, there are no known preventive measures to avoid the development of Myasthenia gravis. However, early detection, prompt treatment, and regular follow-up with healthcare professionals can help manage symptoms, prevent complications, and improve overall well-being.
References:
Gilhus, N. E. (2016). Myasthenia Gravis. The New England Journal of Medicine, 375(26), 2570-2581. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra1602678